Baseball scorekeeping

Baseball scorekeeping is a shorthand method to record all the details of a baseball game. A game's official scorer will use this method, as will amateur scorers. The scorecard produced by the amateur scorer has no importance in the official record keeping of baseball statistics, but is done for enjoyment. Henry Chadwick and, to a lesser extent, MJ Kelly are responsible for defining the foundations of this shorthand in the late 1800s.

A scorekeeper can track the result every play in a game, though most amateurs opt not to record some of the smaller details. Each run, hit, out, steal, and even pitch can be recorded.

There is no definitive system for scoring a baseball game, but the foundations are fairly universal. Many fans make modifications to the systems to suit their own tastes: some scorekeepers use none of these symbols, and others use all of them.

[edit] The scorecard

One scorecard is used to record the offensive play of one team and the defensive play of the other, so at least two scorecards are needed to record one game, one for the visiting team and one for the home team. During the top of an inning, when the visiting team is at bat and the home team in the field, the offensive accomplishments of the visiting team (hits, runs, and outs) and the defensive accomplishments (outs and how they occurred) of the home team are both recorded on the visiting scorecard. In the bottom of the inning, the home offense and visiting defense is recorded on the home scorecard.

On the left side, there is are columns to record player information: the names, positions, and uniform numbers of the players. In the center is the game information: a grid of cells used to mark actions during the game. At the right and bottom are areas to record game totals. For one game, two scorecards are needed, one for each team.

[edit] Player Information

The players are listed in the batting order, with the defensive position either noted by the position number or 2-letter abbreviation (6 or SS for the shortstop and 8 or CF for the center fielder). Each player has his own row that continues across the card.

[edit] Game Information

In the discussion of the scorecard and scoring in general, the baseball rules will be referred to, but not necessarily explained. (Go to the baseball rules link for a detailed explanation of the rules of the game.)

The diagram of the diamond printed in each cell of the scoresheet, labeled here to show which corner represents which base.

The game information is recorded in a grid of cells. Each row is headed a batter, and each column is headed by an inning number. In each cell is a representation of a baseball diamond, often in light grey or dotted to allow a scorekeeper to fill in the basepaths as a runner advances. The bottom corner of the diamond represents home plate, the right corner is first base, the top corner is second base, and the left corner is third. It is on and around this diamond that notations are made to record what happens in a game.

[edit] Game Totals

At the far right and bottom of the typical scorecard has rows and/or columns for entering game totals. Other features of a scorecard may be a list of the players on each team's roster (as seen at the right margin of the exemplar card), the logo of the home team, etc. Some scorecards also have spaces for entering such variables as the weather, wind direction etc.

[edit] Scoring the card

Scoring a baseball game is done one at-bat at a time. Each cell in the game information contains the lifetime of an offensive player, from batter to runner, to an out, a run, or a stranded runner. While these notations follow a certain set of rules, the specific style varies from scorer to scorer. For example, one scorer may record a base hit with the notation 1B along the right-bottom edge of the diamond while another might use a single horizontal line. There are many variations, but the important things (outs and runs) should be prominent when looking at a scorecard. It is important to know the number of each position for recording putouts.

[edit] Outs

When an out is recorded, the combination of defensive players executing that out is recorded, and the out that this player represents is written in the middle of the diamond and circled. For example:

• If a batter hits a ball on the ground to the shortstop, who throws the ball to the first baseman to force the first out, it would be noted on the scoresheet as 6-3, with 6 for the shortstop and 3 for the first baseman. A 1 would be written and circled.
• If the next batter hits a ball to the center fielder who catches it on the fly for the seconf out, it would be noted as F8, with F for flyout and 8 for the center fielder. A 2 would be written and circled.
• If the following batter strikes out, it would be noted as K, with the K being the standard notation for a strikeout. If the batter did not swing at the third strike, a "backwards K" is traditionally used. A 3 would be written and circled and a slash sould be drawn across the lower right corner to indicate the end of the inning.

[edit] Reaching Base

If a batter reaches first base, either due to a walk, a hit, or an error, the basepath from home to first base is drawn, and the method described in the lower-righthand corner. For example:

• If a batter gets a basehit, the basepath is drawn and 1B is written below.
• If a batter gets a walk, the basepath is drawn and BB is written below.
• If the batter reaches base because the first baseman dropped the throw from the shortstop, the basepath is drawn and E3 is written below.
• If the batter hits a triple however, the basepaths from home to first, first to second, and second to third are all drawn, and 3B is written in the upper lefthand corner. This change of position is done to indicate that the runner did not advance on another hit.

[edit] Advancing

When a runner advances due to a following batter, it can be noted by writing the position in the batting order of the batter that advanced the runner. This kind of notation is not always done by amateur scorers, and there is a lot of variation.

• If a runner on first is advances to third base after the 4th batter hits a single, a 4 is written in the upper lefthand corner.

[edit] Runs

In order to score a run, a runner must touch all 4 bases and cross all four basepaths, so the scorer draws a complete diamond and, usually, fills it in. By filling it in, it's easier to see the runs scored.

[edit] Ending an Inning

A slash sould be drawn across the lower right corner to indicate the end of the inning.

[edit] Miscellaneous

Steals, Substitutions, Balls-Strikes-and-Fouls, Running out of rows, running out of columns, and getting per-inning and per-game totals can all also be recorded.

[edit] An Example Scorecard

For illustrative purposes, a sample filled-in score card is shown below. Many other examples of completed and blank scorecards can be found online.

Sample baseball scorecard from a game scored on August 8, 2000 at (then) Pacific Bell Park.

Using this exemple scorecard, let's examine the Milwaukee Brewers' 1st inning of play:

• Leadoff hitter, #10 Ron Belliard (the Brewers' 2nd baseman) grounds the ball to the Giants' 3rd baseman (5), who fields the ball and throws it to 1st base (3) for the out. Thus the play is recorded as "5-3."
  • The notation ("3-2") in the lower right corner of the "Belliard:Inning 1 cell" indicates the pitch count at the time Belliard put the ball into play (3 balls, 2 strikes; a statistic that this particular scorekeeper got tired of keeping track of after the first inning).
  • There are a couple of widely used forms for keeping track of ball and strikes. One of the easiest formats is to use two rows, the first for balls and the second for strikes. As the pitches are delivered a B, S, or F records (respectively) balls, strikes, and two-strike foul balls. (Some pre-printed scoresheets have dedicated boxes that can be checked off for balls and strikes.) In the case of Belliard's at bat, the 3-2 count could have this appearance:

BBB

SSF

• 2nd (2nd spot or 2nd hole) batter, #9 Marquis Grissom (the Giants' Center Fielder) on a 2-ball, 2-strike count grounds out 5-3 (3rd baseman to 1st baseman).
• 3rd batter, #5 Geoff Jenkins (the Brewers' Left Fielder) grounds the ball to the 1st baseman (3) who takes the ball to the base himself for an unassisted put out (3U).

One hard and fast rule of baseball scorekeeping is that every out and every time a baserunner advances must be recorded. The scoring can get a little more complicated when a batter who has reached base, is then "moved up" (i.e. advanced a base or bases) by the actions of a hitter behind him, or as is the case in the Giants' first inning by his own subsequent actions. Let's examine the Giants' first inning:

• Leadoff hitter, #7 Marvin Bernard (the Giants' Center Fielder) hits a fly ball that is caught by the right fielder (9) for an out. Other scorekeepers might abbreviate this out using "F9" for fly out to right field.
• 2nd batter, #32 Bill Mueller (the Giants' 3rd baseman) hits a single, i.e., he hits the ball into play and makes it safely to first base. This is denoted by the single line running from "home" to "1st" next to the diamond in that cell. Commonly, scorekeepers will place some abbreviation, such as "1B-7", to designate a single hit to left field. In addition, many scorekeepers also place a line across the diamond to show the actual path of the baseball on the field.
• 3rd batter, #25 Barry Bonds (the Giants' Left Fielder; editor's note: yes, the scorekeeper was aware at the time that Bonds was playing left field, but accidentally put RF on his card, probably because he got beer in his eye) strikes out (K) on a 1-ball, 2-strike count (the 1-3 notation was this particular scorekeeper's method of indicating that Bonds struck out "looking", a practice the scorer has now become too lazy to continue). However, at some point during Bonds' at-bat, Bill Mueller, the runner on 1st base, stole 2nd base. His advancement was recorded in "his" cell by writing the notation "SB" next to the upper-right edge of the diamond.
• 4th batter (clean-up hitter), #21 Jeff Kent (the Giants' 2nd baseman) hit a fly ball that was caught by the Brewers' Right Fielder (9) for the 3rd and final out of the inning. Bill Mueller was stranded on 2nd base.

Stranded baserunners might be notated as being "LOB" (Left On Base) for that inning, with a number from 1-3 likely at the bottom of the inning column. For example, if two runners are left on base after the 3rd out, the scorekeeper might note "LOB:2", then at the end of the game calculate a total number of LOB for the game.

For a more complicated inning, let us examine the bottom half of the 5th inning:

• 5th batter, #6 J.T. (Jack Thomas) Snow (the #5 hitter in the Giants' lineup and coincidentally the son of LA Rams Pro-Bowl wide-receiver Jack Snow) advances to first base on a walk (base-on-balls; BB).
• 6th batter, #23 Ellis Burks (the Giants' Right Fielder) grounds out 5-3 (3rd baseman to 1st baseman), but in the process, advances J.T. Snow to second base.
• 7th batter, #25 Rich Aurilia (the Giants' shortstop) flies out to the center fielder (8) for the second out of the inning.
• 8th batter, #29 Bobby Estalella (the Giants' catcher) draws a walk (BB) to advance to first base. J.T. Snow remains at 2nd base.
• 9th batter, #48 Russ Ortiz (the Giants' starting pitcher) hits a single (diagonal single line drawn next to the lower-right side of the diamond). J.T. Snow advances to home on that single (the diagonal line drawn next to the lower left side of the diamond in Snow's "cell") to score the game's only run. Ortiz is given credit for an RBI (run batted in), denoted by the "R" written in the bottom left corner of his cell (incorrectly, I might add, since "R" indicates a 'run scored' and would more appropriately been noted in JT Snow's cell. RBI could have been used, or a circled number representing the number of runs scored by that batter in that at-bat. The scorekeeper believes that he failed to add the BI because he was trying to prevent mustard from dripping on his shirt at the moment the run was scored. Some scorecards have a specific place to note RBI's). Bobby Estalella advances from 1st to 3rd base on Ortiz's single (the diagonal line drawn next to the upper left side of the diamond in Estalella's "cell").
• Leadoff hitter, Marvin Bernard, up for the third time in this game, draws a walk (BB). Ortiz advances to 2nd base on that walk (the BB written on the "1st to 2nd" portion of the diamond in his "cell".
• 2nd hitter, Bill Mueller hits into a 6-4 (SS to 2nd baseman) "fielder's choice" for the third and final out of the inning. A "fielder's choice" is the situation where a player puts the ball into play, an out is recorded, but a different player than the hitter is put out. In this case, Marvin Bernard was "forced out" at 2nd base (surmised because it was the 2nd baseman who made the put-out). Had the shortstop thrown to first base to put out Mueller, it would have been a simple 6-3 ground out. But since the shortstop "chose" to get the out at 2nd base instead, it is a Fielder's Choice. Since this was the final out of the inning, no baserunners advanced.

[edit] Other scoring notations

Here are other notations to indicate offensive or defensive events on a baseball scorecard -- note that individual scorekeepers will almost certainly use only a subset of these.